refactor: standardize epoch time retrieval with get_epoch_seconds and ensure locale-independent string transformations.

bin/clean.sh

@@ -369,7 +369,8 @@ safe_clean() {
             fi
 
             local idx=0
-            local last_progress_update=$(date +%s)
+            local last_progress_update
+            last_progress_update=$(get_epoch_seconds)
             for path in "${existing_paths[@]}"; do
                 local size
                 size=$(get_cleanup_path_size_kb "$path")
@@ -384,14 +385,15 @@ safe_clean() {
                 ((idx++))
                 if [[ $((idx % 20)) -eq 0 && "$show_spinner" == "true" && -t 1 ]]; then
                     update_progress_if_needed "$idx" "${#existing_paths[@]}" last_progress_update 1 || true
-                    last_progress_update=$(date +%s)
+                    last_progress_update=$(get_epoch_seconds)
                 fi
             done
         else
             local -a pids=()
             local idx=0
             local completed=0
-            local last_progress_update=$(date +%s)
+            local last_progress_update
+            last_progress_update=$(get_epoch_seconds)
             local total_paths=${#existing_paths[@]}
 
             if [[ ${#existing_paths[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then

bin/uninstall.sh

@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ scan_applications() {
     ensure_user_dir "$cache_dir"
 
     if [[ $force_rescan == false && -f "$cache_file" ]]; then
-        local cache_age=$(($(date +%s) - $(get_file_mtime "$cache_file")))
-        [[ $cache_age -eq $(date +%s) ]] && cache_age=86401 # Handle mtime read failure
+        local cache_age=$(($(get_epoch_seconds) - $(get_file_mtime "$cache_file")))
+        [[ $cache_age -eq $(get_epoch_seconds) ]] && cache_age=86401 # Handle mtime read failure
         if [[ $cache_age -lt $cache_ttl ]]; then
             if [[ -t 2 ]]; then
                 echo -e "${GREEN}Loading from cache...${NC}" >&2
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ scan_applications() {
     temp_file=$(create_temp_file)
 
     local current_epoch
-    current_epoch=$(date "+%s")
+    current_epoch=$(get_epoch_seconds)
 
     # Pass 1: collect app paths and bundle IDs (no mdls).
     local -a app_data_tuples=()
@@ -377,8 +377,8 @@ main() {
         local needs_scanning=true
         local cache_file="$HOME/.cache/mole/app_scan_cache"
         if [[ $force_rescan == false && -f "$cache_file" ]]; then
-            local cache_age=$(($(date +%s) - $(get_file_mtime "$cache_file")))
-            [[ $cache_age -eq $(date +%s) ]] && cache_age=86401
+            local cache_age=$(($(get_epoch_seconds) - $(get_file_mtime "$cache_file")))
+            [[ $cache_age -eq $(get_epoch_seconds) ]] && cache_age=86401
             [[ $cache_age -lt 86400 ]] && needs_scanning=false
         fi
 

bin/uninstall_lib.sh

@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ scan_applications() {
 
     # Check if cache exists and is fresh
     if [[ $force_rescan == false && -f "$cache_file" ]]; then
-        local cache_age=$(($(date +%s) - $(get_file_mtime "$cache_file")))
-        [[ $cache_age -eq $(date +%s) ]] && cache_age=86401 # Handle missing file
+        local cache_age=$(($(get_epoch_seconds) - $(get_file_mtime "$cache_file")))
+        [[ $cache_age -eq $(get_epoch_seconds) ]] && cache_age=86401 # Handle missing file
         if [[ $cache_age -lt $cache_ttl ]]; then
             # Cache hit - return immediately
             # Show brief flash of cache usage if in interactive mode
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ scan_applications() {
 
     # Pre-cache current epoch to avoid repeated calls
     local current_epoch
-    current_epoch=$(date "+%s")
+    current_epoch=$(get_epoch_seconds)
 
     # First pass: quickly collect all valid app paths and bundle IDs (NO mdls calls)
     local -a app_data_tuples=()
@@ -454,8 +454,8 @@ main() {
         local needs_scanning=true
         local cache_file="$HOME/.cache/mole/app_scan_cache"
         if [[ $force_rescan == false && -f "$cache_file" ]]; then
-            local cache_age=$(($(date +%s) - $(get_file_mtime "$cache_file")))
-            [[ $cache_age -eq $(date +%s) ]] && cache_age=86401 # Handle missing file
+            local cache_age=$(($(get_epoch_seconds) - $(get_file_mtime "$cache_file")))
+            [[ $cache_age -eq $(get_epoch_seconds) ]] && cache_age=86401 # Handle missing file
             [[ $cache_age -lt 86400 ]] && needs_scanning=false
         fi
 

lib/check/all.sh

@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ is_cache_valid() {
         return 1
     fi
 
-    local cache_age=$(($(date +%s) - $(get_file_mtime "$cache_file")))
+    local cache_age=$(($(get_epoch_seconds) - $(get_file_mtime "$cache_file")))
     [[ $cache_age -lt $ttl ]]
 }
 

lib/check/health_json.sh

@@ -73,7 +73,8 @@ get_uptime_days() {
     boot_time=$(echo "$boot_output" | awk -F 'sec = |, usec' '{print $2}' 2> /dev/null || echo "")
 
     if [[ -n "$boot_time" && "$boot_time" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
-        local now=$(date +%s 2> /dev/null || echo "0")
+        local now
+        now=$(get_epoch_seconds)
         local uptime_sec=$((now - boot_time))
         uptime_days=$(LC_ALL=C awk "BEGIN {printf \"%.1f\", $uptime_sec / 86400}" 2> /dev/null || echo "0")
     else

lib/clean/apps.sh

@@ -66,7 +66,8 @@ scan_installed_apps() {
     local cache_age_seconds=300 # 5 minutes
     if [[ -f "$cache_file" ]]; then
         local cache_mtime=$(get_file_mtime "$cache_file")
-        local current_time=$(date +%s)
+        local current_time
+        current_time=$(get_epoch_seconds)
         local age=$((current_time - cache_mtime))
         if [[ $age -lt $cache_age_seconds ]]; then
             debug_log "Using cached app list (age: ${age}s)"
@@ -158,7 +159,8 @@ is_bundle_orphaned() {
     esac
     if [[ -e "$directory_path" ]]; then
         local last_modified_epoch=$(get_file_mtime "$directory_path")
-        local current_epoch=$(date +%s)
+    local current_epoch
+    current_epoch=$(get_epoch_seconds)
         local days_since_modified=$(((current_epoch - last_modified_epoch) / 86400))
         if [[ $days_since_modified -lt ${ORPHAN_AGE_THRESHOLD:-60} ]]; then
             return 1

lib/clean/brew.sh

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ clean_homebrew() {
         local last_cleanup
         last_cleanup=$(cat "$brew_cache_file" 2> /dev/null || echo "0")
         local current_time
-        current_time=$(date +%s)
+        current_time=$(get_epoch_seconds)
         local time_diff=$((current_time - last_cleanup))
         local days_diff=$((time_diff / 86400))
         if [[ $days_diff -lt $cache_valid_days ]]; then
@@ -112,6 +112,6 @@ clean_homebrew() {
     # Update cache timestamp when any work succeeded or was intentionally skipped.
     if [[ "$skip_cleanup" == "true" ]] || [[ "$brew_success" == "true" ]] || [[ "$autoremove_success" == "true" ]]; then
         ensure_user_file "$brew_cache_file"
-        date +%s > "$brew_cache_file"
+        get_epoch_seconds > "$brew_cache_file"
     fi
 }

lib/clean/project.sh

@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ is_safe_project_artifact() {
     fi
     # Must not be a direct child of the search root.
     local relative_path="${path#"$search_path"/}"
-    local depth=$(echo "$relative_path" | tr -cd '/' | wc -c)
+    local depth=$(echo "$relative_path" | LC_ALL=C tr -cd '/' | wc -c)
     if [[ $depth -lt 1 ]]; then
         return 1
     fi
@@ -398,7 +398,8 @@ is_recently_modified() {
     fi
     local mod_time
     mod_time=$(get_file_mtime "$path")
-    local current_time=$(date +%s)
+    local current_time
+    current_time=$(get_epoch_seconds)
     local age_seconds=$((current_time - mod_time))
     local age_in_days=$((age_seconds / 86400))
     if [[ $age_in_days -lt $age_days ]]; then

lib/clean/system.sh

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ clean_deep_system() {
     fi
     if [[ -d "/macOS Install Data" ]]; then
         local mtime=$(get_file_mtime "/macOS Install Data")
-        local age_days=$((($(date +%s) - mtime) / 86400))
+        local age_days=$((($(get_epoch_seconds) - mtime) / 86400))
         debug_log "Found macOS Install Data (age: ${age_days} days)"
         if [[ $age_days -ge 30 ]]; then
             local size_kb=$(get_path_size_kb "/macOS Install Data")
@@ -58,17 +58,23 @@ clean_deep_system() {
     start_section_spinner "Scanning system caches..."
     local code_sign_cleaned=0
     local found_count=0
-    local last_update_time=$(date +%s)
+    local last_update_time
+    last_update_time=$(get_epoch_seconds)
     local update_interval=2
     while IFS= read -r -d '' cache_dir; do
         if safe_remove "$cache_dir" true; then
             ((code_sign_cleaned++))
         fi
         ((found_count++))
-        local current_time=$(date +%s)
-        if [[ $((current_time - last_update_time)) -ge $update_interval ]]; then
-            start_section_spinner "Scanning system caches... ($found_count found)"
-            last_update_time=$current_time
+
+        # Optimize: only check time every 50 files
+        if ((found_count % 50 == 0)); then
+            local current_time
+            current_time=$(get_epoch_seconds)
+            if [[ $((current_time - last_update_time)) -ge $update_interval ]]; then
+                start_section_spinner "Scanning system caches... ($found_count found)"
+                last_update_time=$current_time
+            fi
         fi
     done < <(run_with_timeout 5 command find /private/var/folders -type d -name "*.code_sign_clone" -path "*/X/*" -print0 2> /dev/null || true)
     stop_section_spinner
@@ -155,7 +161,8 @@ clean_time_machine_failed_backups() {
                 [[ -d "$inprogress_file" ]] || continue
                 # Only delete old incomplete backups (safety window).
                 local file_mtime=$(get_file_mtime "$inprogress_file")
-                local current_time=$(date +%s)
+                local current_time
+                current_time=$(get_epoch_seconds)
                 local hours_old=$(((current_time - file_mtime) / 3600))
                 if [[ $hours_old -lt $MOLE_TM_BACKUP_SAFE_HOURS ]]; then
                     continue
@@ -200,7 +207,8 @@ clean_time_machine_failed_backups() {
                 while IFS= read -r inprogress_file; do
                     [[ -d "$inprogress_file" ]] || continue
                     local file_mtime=$(get_file_mtime "$inprogress_file")
-                    local current_time=$(date +%s)
+                    local current_time
+                    current_time=$(get_epoch_seconds)
                     local hours_old=$(((current_time - file_mtime) / 3600))
                     if [[ $hours_old -lt $MOLE_TM_BACKUP_SAFE_HOURS ]]; then
                         continue

lib/clean/user.sh

@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ process_container_cache() {
     if is_critical_system_component "$bundle_id"; then
         return 0
     fi
-    if should_protect_data "$bundle_id" || should_protect_data "$(echo "$bundle_id" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')"; then
+    if should_protect_data "$bundle_id" || should_protect_data "$(echo "$bundle_id" | LC_ALL=C tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')"; then
         return 0
     fi
     local cache_dir="$container_dir/Data/Library/Caches"
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ clean_application_support_logs() {
     for app_dir in ~/Library/Application\ Support/*; do
         [[ -d "$app_dir" ]] || continue
         local app_name=$(basename "$app_dir")
-        local app_name_lower=$(echo "$app_name" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+        local app_name_lower=$(echo "$app_name" | LC_ALL=C tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
         local is_protected=false
         if should_protect_data "$app_name"; then
             is_protected=true

lib/core/app_protection.sh

@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ is_critical_system_component() {
     [[ -z "$token" ]] && return 1
 
     local lower
-    lower=$(echo "$token" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    lower=$(echo "$token" | LC_ALL=C tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
 
     case "$lower" in
         *backgroundtaskmanagement* | *loginitems* | *systempreferences* | *systemsettings* | *settings* | *preferences* | *controlcenter* | *biometrickit* | *sfl* | *tcc*)
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ should_protect_path() {
     [[ -z "$path" ]] && return 1
 
     local path_lower
-    path_lower=$(echo "$path" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
+    path_lower=$(echo "$path" | LC_ALL=C tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
 
     # 1. Keyword-based matching for system components
     # Protect System Settings, Preferences, Control Center, and related XPC services

lib/core/base.sh

@@ -108,8 +108,30 @@ get_file_mtime() {
         return
     }
     local result
-    result=$($STAT_BSD -f%m "$file" 2> /dev/null)
-    echo "${result:-0}"
+    result=$($STAT_BSD -f%m "$file" 2> /dev/null || echo "")
+    if [[ "$result" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+        echo "$result"
+    else
+        echo "0"
+    fi
+}
+
+# Determine date command once
+if [[ -x /bin/date ]]; then
+    _DATE_CMD="/bin/date"
+else
+    _DATE_CMD="date"
+fi
+
+# Get current time in epoch seconds (defensive against locale/aliases)
+get_epoch_seconds() {
+    local result
+    result=$($_DATE_CMD +%s 2> /dev/null || echo "")
+    if [[ "$result" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+        echo "$result"
+    else
+        echo "0"
+    fi
 }
 
 # Get file owner username
@@ -635,11 +657,13 @@ update_progress_if_needed() {
     local interval="${4:-2}"   # Default: update every 2 seconds
 
     # Get current time
-    local current_time=$(date +%s)
+    local current_time
+    current_time=$(get_epoch_seconds)
 
     # Get last update time from variable
     local last_time
     eval "last_time=\${$last_update_var:-0}"
+    [[ "$last_time" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] || last_time=0
 
     # Check if enough time has elapsed
     if [[ $((current_time - last_time)) -ge $interval ]]; then

lib/optimize/tasks.sh

@@ -590,9 +590,9 @@ opt_spotlight_index_optimize() {
         local slow_count=0
         local test_start test_end test_duration
         for _ in 1 2; do
-            test_start=$(date +%s)
+            test_start=$(get_epoch_seconds)
             mdfind "kMDItemFSName == 'Applications'" > /dev/null 2>&1 || true
-            test_end=$(date +%s)
+            test_end=$(get_epoch_seconds)
             test_duration=$((test_end - test_start))
             if [[ $test_duration -gt 3 ]]; then
                 ((slow_count++))

mole

@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ show_version() {
     local sip_status
     if command -v csrutil > /dev/null; then
         sip_status=$(csrutil status 2> /dev/null | grep -o "enabled\|disabled" || echo "Unknown")
-        sip_status="$(tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' <<< "${sip_status:0:1}")${sip_status:1}"
+        sip_status="$(LC_ALL=C tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' <<< "${sip_status:0:1}")${sip_status:1}"
     else
         sip_status="Unknown"
     fi
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ interactive_main_menu() {
             local flag_file
             local cache_dir="$HOME/.cache/mole"
             ensure_user_dir "$cache_dir"
-            flag_file="$cache_dir/intro_$(echo "$tty_name" | tr -c '[:alnum:]_' '_')"
+            flag_file="$cache_dir/intro_$(echo "$tty_name" | LC_ALL=C tr -c '[:alnum:]_' '_')"
             if [[ ! -f "$flag_file" ]]; then
                 animate_mole_intro
                 ensure_user_file "$flag_file"

scripts/setup-quick-launchers.sh

@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ create_alfred_workflow() {
 
     for entry in "${workflows[@]}"; do
         IFS="|" read -r bundle name keyword subtitle command <<< "$entry"
-        local workflow_uid="user.workflow.$(uuid | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')"
+        local workflow_uid="user.workflow.$(uuid | LC_ALL=C tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')"
         local input_uid
         local action_uid
         input_uid="$(uuid)"