refactor: separate querying LDAP and updating DB during sync (#1371)

backend/internal/service/ldap_service.go

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ type LdapService struct {
 	userService      *UserService
 	groupService     *UserGroupService
 	fileStorage      storage.FileStorage
+	clientFactory    func() (ldapClient, error)
 }
 
 type savePicture struct {
@@ -43,8 +44,33 @@ type savePicture struct {
 	picture  string
 }
 
+type ldapDesiredUser struct {
+	ldapID  string
+	input   dto.UserCreateDto
+	picture string
+}
+
+type ldapDesiredGroup struct {
+	ldapID          string
+	input           dto.UserGroupCreateDto
+	memberUsernames []string
+}
+
+type ldapDesiredState struct {
+	users    []ldapDesiredUser
+	userIDs  map[string]struct{}
+	groups   []ldapDesiredGroup
+	groupIDs map[string]struct{}
+}
+
+type ldapClient interface {
+	Search(searchRequest *ldap.SearchRequest) (*ldap.SearchResult, error)
+	Bind(username, password string) error
+	Close() error
+}
+
 func NewLdapService(db *gorm.DB, httpClient *http.Client, appConfigService *AppConfigService, userService *UserService, groupService *UserGroupService, fileStorage storage.FileStorage) *LdapService {
-	return &LdapService{
+	service := &LdapService{
 		db:               db,
 		httpClient:       httpClient,
 		appConfigService: appConfigService,
@@ -52,9 +78,12 @@ func NewLdapService(db *gorm.DB, httpClient *http.Client, appConfigService *AppC
 		groupService:     groupService,
 		fileStorage:      fileStorage,
 	}
+
+	service.clientFactory = service.createClient
+	return service
 }
 
-func (s *LdapService) createClient() (*ldap.Conn, error) {
+func (s *LdapService) createClient() (ldapClient, error) {
 	dbConfig := s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
 
 	if !dbConfig.LdapEnabled.IsTrue() {
@@ -79,24 +108,33 @@ func (s *LdapService) createClient() (*ldap.Conn, error) {
 
 func (s *LdapService) SyncAll(ctx context.Context) error {
 	// Setup LDAP connection
-	client, err := s.createClient()
+	client, err := s.clientFactory()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create LDAP client: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer client.Close()
 
-	// Start a transaction
+	// First, we fetch all users and group from LDAP, which is our "desired state"
-	tx := s.db.Begin()
+	desiredState, err := s.fetchDesiredState(ctx, client)
-	defer func() {
+	if err != nil {
-		tx.Rollback()
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch LDAP state: %w", err)
-	}()
+	}
 
-	savePictures, deleteFiles, err := s.SyncUsers(ctx, tx, client)
+	// Start a transaction
+	tx := s.db.WithContext(ctx).Begin()
+	if tx.Error != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to begin database transaction: %w", tx.Error)
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	// Reconcile users
+	savePictures, deleteFiles, err := s.reconcileUsers(ctx, tx, desiredState.users, desiredState.userIDs)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync users: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	err = s.SyncGroups(ctx, tx, client)
+	// Reconcile groups
+	err = s.reconcileGroups(ctx, tx, desiredState.groups, desiredState.groupIDs)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync groups: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -129,10 +167,31 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncAll(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-//nolint:gocognit
+func (s *LdapService) fetchDesiredState(ctx context.Context, client ldapClient) (ldapDesiredState, error) {
-func (s *LdapService) SyncGroups(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.Conn) error {
+	// Fetch users first so we can use their DNs when resolving group members
+	users, userIDs, usernamesByDN, err := s.fetchUsersFromLDAP(ctx, client)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ldapDesiredState{}, err
+	}
+
+	// Then fetch groups to complete the desired LDAP state snapshot
+	groups, groupIDs, err := s.fetchGroupsFromLDAP(ctx, client, usernamesByDN)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ldapDesiredState{}, err
+	}
+
+	return ldapDesiredState{
+		users:    users,
+		userIDs:  userIDs,
+		groups:   groups,
+		groupIDs: groupIDs,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (s *LdapService) fetchGroupsFromLDAP(ctx context.Context, client ldapClient, usernamesByDN map[string]string) (desiredGroups []ldapDesiredGroup, ldapGroupIDs map[string]struct{}, err error) {
 	dbConfig := s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
 
+	// Query LDAP for all groups we want to manage
 	searchAttrs := []string{
 		dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupName.Value,
 		dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier.Value,
@@ -149,90 +208,42 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncGroups(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.
 	)
 	result, err := client.Search(searchReq)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to query LDAP: %w", err)
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query LDAP groups: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Create a mapping for groups that exist
+	// Build the in-memory desired state for groups
-	ldapGroupIDs := make(map[string]struct{}, len(result.Entries))
+	ldapGroupIDs = make(map[string]struct{}, len(result.Entries))
+	desiredGroups = make([]ldapDesiredGroup, 0, len(result.Entries))
 
 	for _, value := range result.Entries {
-		ldapId := convertLdapIdToString(value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier.Value))
+		ldapID := convertLdapIdToString(value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier.Value))
 
 		// Skip groups without a valid LDAP ID
-		if ldapId == "" {
+		if ldapID == "" {
 			slog.Warn("Skipping LDAP group without a valid unique identifier", slog.String("attribute", dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier.Value))
 			continue
 		}
 
-		ldapGroupIDs[ldapId] = struct{}{}
+		ldapGroupIDs[ldapID] = struct{}{}
-
-		// Try to find the group in the database
-		var databaseGroup model.UserGroup
-		err = tx.
-			WithContext(ctx).
-			Where("ldap_id = ?", ldapId).
-			First(&databaseGroup).
-			Error
-		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
-			// This could error with ErrRecordNotFound and we want to ignore that here
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to query for LDAP group ID '%s': %w", ldapId, err)
-		}
 
 		// Get group members and add to the correct Group
 		groupMembers := value.GetAttributeValues(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupMember.Value)
-		membersUserId := make([]string, 0, len(groupMembers))
+		memberUsernames := make([]string, 0, len(groupMembers))
 		for _, member := range groupMembers {
-			username := getDNProperty(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUsername.Value, member)
+			username := s.resolveGroupMemberUsername(ctx, client, member, usernamesByDN)
-
-			// If username extraction fails, try to query LDAP directly for the user
 			if username == "" {
-				// Query LDAP to get the user by their DN
-				userSearchReq := ldap.NewSearchRequest(
-					member,
-					ldap.ScopeBaseObject,
-					0, 0, 0, false,
-					"(objectClass=*)",
-					[]string{dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUsername.Value, dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier.Value},
-					[]ldap.Control{},
-				)
-
-				userResult, err := client.Search(userSearchReq)
-				if err != nil || len(userResult.Entries) == 0 {
-					slog.WarnContext(ctx, "Could not resolve group member DN", slog.String("member", member), slog.Any("error", err))
 				continue
 			}
 
-				username = userResult.Entries[0].GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUsername.Value)
+			memberUsernames = append(memberUsernames, username)
-				if username == "" {
-					slog.WarnContext(ctx, "Could not extract username from group member DN", slog.String("member", member))
-					continue
-				}
-			}
-
-			username = norm.NFC.String(username)
-
-			var databaseUser model.User
-			err = tx.
-				WithContext(ctx).
-				Where("username = ? AND ldap_id IS NOT NULL", username).
-				First(&databaseUser).
-				Error
-			if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
-				// The user collides with a non-LDAP user, so we skip it
-				continue
-			} else if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to query for existing user '%s': %w", username, err)
-			}
-
-			membersUserId = append(membersUserId, databaseUser.ID)
 		}
 
 		syncGroup := dto.UserGroupCreateDto{
 			Name:         value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupName.Value),
 			FriendlyName: value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeGroupName.Value),
-			LdapID:       ldapId,
+			LdapID:       ldapID,
 		}
-		dto.Normalize(syncGroup)
+		dto.Normalize(&syncGroup)
 
 		err = syncGroup.Validate()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -240,64 +251,20 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncGroups(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.
 			continue
 		}
 
-		if databaseGroup.ID == "" {
+		desiredGroups = append(desiredGroups, ldapDesiredGroup{
-			newGroup, err := s.groupService.createInternal(ctx, syncGroup, tx)
+			ldapID:          ldapID,
-			if err != nil {
+			input:           syncGroup,
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create group '%s': %w", syncGroup.Name, err)
+			memberUsernames: memberUsernames,
+		})
 	}
 
-			_, err = s.groupService.updateUsersInternal(ctx, newGroup.ID, membersUserId, tx)
+	return desiredGroups, ldapGroupIDs, nil
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync users for group '%s': %w", syncGroup.Name, err)
-			}
-		} else {
-			_, err = s.groupService.updateInternal(ctx, databaseGroup.ID, syncGroup, true, tx)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to update group '%s': %w", syncGroup.Name, err)
-			}
-
-			_, err = s.groupService.updateUsersInternal(ctx, databaseGroup.ID, membersUserId, tx)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync users for group '%s': %w", syncGroup.Name, err)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Get all LDAP groups from the database
-	var ldapGroupsInDb []model.UserGroup
-	err = tx.
-		WithContext(ctx).
-		Find(&ldapGroupsInDb, "ldap_id IS NOT NULL").
-		Select("ldap_id").
-		Error
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch groups from database: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Delete groups that no longer exist in LDAP
-	for _, group := range ldapGroupsInDb {
-		if _, exists := ldapGroupIDs[*group.LdapID]; exists {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		err = tx.
-			WithContext(ctx).
-			Delete(&model.UserGroup{}, "ldap_id = ?", group.LdapID).
-			Error
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete group '%s': %w", group.Name, err)
-		}
-
-		slog.Info("Deleted group", slog.String("group", group.Name))
-	}
-
-	return nil
 }
 
-//nolint:gocognit
+func (s *LdapService) fetchUsersFromLDAP(ctx context.Context, client ldapClient) (desiredUsers []ldapDesiredUser, ldapUserIDs map[string]struct{}, usernamesByDN map[string]string, err error) {
-func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.Conn) (savePictures []savePicture, deleteFiles []string, err error) {
 	dbConfig := s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
 
+	// Query LDAP for all users we want to manage
 	searchAttrs := []string{
 		"memberOf",
 		"sn",
@@ -323,50 +290,29 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 
 	result, err := client.Search(searchReq)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query LDAP: %w", err)
+		return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query LDAP users: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Create a mapping for users that exist
+	// Build the in-memory desired state for users and a DN lookup for group membership resolution
-	ldapUserIDs := make(map[string]struct{}, len(result.Entries))
+	ldapUserIDs = make(map[string]struct{}, len(result.Entries))
-	savePictures = make([]savePicture, 0, len(result.Entries))
+	usernamesByDN = make(map[string]string, len(result.Entries))
+	desiredUsers = make([]ldapDesiredUser, 0, len(result.Entries))
 
 	for _, value := range result.Entries {
-		ldapId := convertLdapIdToString(value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier.Value))
+		username := norm.NFC.String(value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUsername.Value))
+		if normalizedDN := normalizeLDAPDN(value.DN); normalizedDN != "" && username != "" {
+			usernamesByDN[normalizedDN] = username
+		}
+
+		ldapID := convertLdapIdToString(value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier.Value))
 
 		// Skip users without a valid LDAP ID
-		if ldapId == "" {
+		if ldapID == "" {
 			slog.Warn("Skipping LDAP user without a valid unique identifier", slog.String("attribute", dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier.Value))
 			continue
 		}
 
-		ldapUserIDs[ldapId] = struct{}{}
+		ldapUserIDs[ldapID] = struct{}{}
-
-		// Get the user from the database
-		var databaseUser model.User
-		err = tx.
-			WithContext(ctx).
-			Where("ldap_id = ?", ldapId).
-			First(&databaseUser).
-			Error
-
-		// If a user is found (even if disabled), enable them since they're now back in LDAP
-		if databaseUser.ID != "" && databaseUser.Disabled {
-			err = tx.
-				WithContext(ctx).
-				Model(&model.User{}).
-				Where("id = ?", databaseUser.ID).
-				Update("disabled", false).
-				Error
-
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to enable user %s: %w", databaseUser.Username, err)
-			}
-		}
-
-		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
-			// This could error with ErrRecordNotFound and we want to ignore that here
-			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to query for LDAP user ID '%s': %w", ldapId, err)
-		}
 
 		// Check if user is admin by checking if they are in the admin group
 		isAdmin := false
@@ -385,14 +331,14 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 			LastName:      value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserLastName.Value),
 			DisplayName:   value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserDisplayName.Value),
 			IsAdmin:       isAdmin,
-			LdapID:        ldapId,
+			LdapID:        ldapID,
 		}
 
 		if newUser.DisplayName == "" {
 			newUser.DisplayName = strings.TrimSpace(newUser.FirstName + " " + newUser.LastName)
 		}
 
-		dto.Normalize(newUser)
+		dto.Normalize(&newUser)
 
 		err = newUser.Validate()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -400,53 +346,201 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 			continue
 		}
 
-		userID := databaseUser.ID
+		desiredUsers = append(desiredUsers, ldapDesiredUser{
-		if databaseUser.ID == "" {
+			ldapID:  ldapID,
-			createdUser, err := s.userService.createUserInternal(ctx, newUser, true, tx)
+			input:   newUser,
-			if errors.Is(err, &common.AlreadyInUseError{}) {
+			picture: value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserProfilePicture.Value),
-				slog.Warn("Skipping creating LDAP user", slog.String("username", newUser.Username), slog.Any("error", err))
-				continue
-			} else if err != nil {
-				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("error creating user '%s': %w", newUser.Username, err)
-			}
-			userID = createdUser.ID
-		} else {
-			_, err = s.userService.updateUserInternal(ctx, databaseUser.ID, newUser, false, true, tx)
-			if errors.Is(err, &common.AlreadyInUseError{}) {
-				slog.Warn("Skipping updating LDAP user", slog.String("username", newUser.Username), slog.Any("error", err))
-				continue
-			} else if err != nil {
-				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("error updating user '%s': %w", newUser.Username, err)
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Save profile picture
-		pictureString := value.GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserProfilePicture.Value)
-		if pictureString != "" {
-			// Storage operations must be executed outside of a transaction
-			savePictures = append(savePictures, savePicture{
-				userID:   databaseUser.ID,
-				username: userID,
-				picture:  pictureString,
 		})
 	}
+
+	return desiredUsers, ldapUserIDs, usernamesByDN, nil
+}
+
+func (s *LdapService) resolveGroupMemberUsername(ctx context.Context, client ldapClient, member string, usernamesByDN map[string]string) string {
+	dbConfig := s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
+
+	// First try the DN cache we built while loading users
+	username, exists := usernamesByDN[normalizeLDAPDN(member)]
+	if exists && username != "" {
+		return username
+	}
+
+	// Then try to extract the username directly from the DN
+	username = getDNProperty(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUsername.Value, member)
+	if username != "" {
+		return norm.NFC.String(username)
+	}
+
+	// As a fallback, query LDAP for the referenced entry
+	userSearchReq := ldap.NewSearchRequest(
+		member,
+		ldap.ScopeBaseObject,
+		0, 0, 0, false,
+		"(objectClass=*)",
+		[]string{dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUsername.Value},
+		[]ldap.Control{},
+	)
+
+	userResult, err := client.Search(userSearchReq)
+	if err != nil || len(userResult.Entries) == 0 {
+		slog.WarnContext(ctx, "Could not resolve group member DN", slog.String("member", member), slog.Any("error", err))
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	username = userResult.Entries[0].GetAttributeValue(dbConfig.LdapAttributeUserUsername.Value)
+	if username == "" {
+		slog.WarnContext(ctx, "Could not extract username from group member DN", slog.String("member", member))
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	return norm.NFC.String(username)
+}
+
+func (s *LdapService) reconcileGroups(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, desiredGroups []ldapDesiredGroup, ldapGroupIDs map[string]struct{}) error {
+	// Load the current LDAP-managed state from the database
+	ldapGroupsInDB, ldapGroupsByID, err := s.loadLDAPGroupsInDB(ctx, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch groups from database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	_, _, ldapUsersByUsername, err := s.loadLDAPUsersInDB(ctx, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch users from database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Apply creates and updates to match the desired LDAP group state
+	for _, desiredGroup := range desiredGroups {
+		memberUserIDs := make([]string, 0, len(desiredGroup.memberUsernames))
+		for _, username := range desiredGroup.memberUsernames {
+			databaseUser, exists := ldapUsersByUsername[username]
+			if !exists {
+				// The user collides with a non-LDAP user or was skipped during user sync, so we ignore it
+				continue
+			}
+
+			memberUserIDs = append(memberUserIDs, databaseUser.ID)
+		}
+
+		databaseGroup := ldapGroupsByID[desiredGroup.ldapID]
+		if databaseGroup.ID == "" {
+			newGroup, err := s.groupService.createInternal(ctx, desiredGroup.input, tx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create group '%s': %w", desiredGroup.input.Name, err)
+			}
+			ldapGroupsByID[desiredGroup.ldapID] = newGroup
+
+			_, err = s.groupService.updateUsersInternal(ctx, newGroup.ID, memberUserIDs, tx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync users for group '%s': %w", desiredGroup.input.Name, err)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		_, err = s.groupService.updateInternal(ctx, databaseGroup.ID, desiredGroup.input, true, tx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to update group '%s': %w", desiredGroup.input.Name, err)
+		}
+
+		_, err = s.groupService.updateUsersInternal(ctx, databaseGroup.ID, memberUserIDs, tx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync users for group '%s': %w", desiredGroup.input.Name, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Delete groups that are no longer present in LDAP
+	for _, group := range ldapGroupsInDB {
+		if group.LdapID == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if _, exists := ldapGroupIDs[*group.LdapID]; exists {
+			continue
 		}
 
-	// Get all LDAP users from the database
-	var ldapUsersInDb []model.User
 		err = tx.
 			WithContext(ctx).
-		Find(&ldapUsersInDb, "ldap_id IS NOT NULL").
+			Delete(&model.UserGroup{}, "ldap_id = ?", *group.LdapID).
-		Select("id, username, ldap_id, disabled").
 			Error
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete group '%s': %w", group.Name, err)
+		}
+
+		slog.Info("Deleted group", slog.String("group", group.Name))
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+//nolint:gocognit
+func (s *LdapService) reconcileUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, desiredUsers []ldapDesiredUser, ldapUserIDs map[string]struct{}) (savePictures []savePicture, deleteFiles []string, err error) {
+	dbConfig := s.appConfigService.GetDbConfig()
+
+	// Load the current LDAP-managed state from the database
+	ldapUsersInDB, ldapUsersByID, _, err := s.loadLDAPUsersInDB(ctx, tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch users from database: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Mark users as disabled or delete users that no longer exist in LDAP
+	// Apply creates and updates to match the desired LDAP user state
-	deleteFiles = make([]string, 0, len(ldapUserIDs))
+	savePictures = make([]savePicture, 0, len(desiredUsers))
-	for _, user := range ldapUsersInDb {
+
-		// Skip if the user ID exists in the fetched LDAP results
+	for _, desiredUser := range desiredUsers {
+		databaseUser := ldapUsersByID[desiredUser.ldapID]
+
+		// If a user is found (even if disabled), enable them since they're now back in LDAP.
+		if databaseUser.ID != "" && databaseUser.Disabled {
+			err = tx.
+				WithContext(ctx).
+				Model(&model.User{}).
+				Where("id = ?", databaseUser.ID).
+				Update("disabled", false).
+				Error
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to enable user %s: %w", databaseUser.Username, err)
+			}
+
+			databaseUser.Disabled = false
+			ldapUsersByID[desiredUser.ldapID] = databaseUser
+		}
+
+		userID := databaseUser.ID
+		if databaseUser.ID == "" {
+			createdUser, err := s.userService.createUserInternal(ctx, desiredUser.input, true, tx)
+			if errors.Is(err, &common.AlreadyInUseError{}) {
+				slog.Warn("Skipping creating LDAP user", slog.String("username", desiredUser.input.Username), slog.Any("error", err))
+				continue
+			} else if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("error creating user '%s': %w", desiredUser.input.Username, err)
+			}
+
+			userID = createdUser.ID
+			ldapUsersByID[desiredUser.ldapID] = createdUser
+		} else {
+			_, err = s.userService.updateUserInternal(ctx, databaseUser.ID, desiredUser.input, false, true, tx)
+			if errors.Is(err, &common.AlreadyInUseError{}) {
+				slog.Warn("Skipping updating LDAP user", slog.String("username", desiredUser.input.Username), slog.Any("error", err))
+				continue
+			} else if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("error updating user '%s': %w", desiredUser.input.Username, err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if desiredUser.picture != "" {
+			savePictures = append(savePictures, savePicture{
+				userID:   userID,
+				username: desiredUser.input.Username,
+				picture:  desiredUser.picture,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Disable or delete users that are no longer present in LDAP
+	deleteFiles = make([]string, 0, len(ldapUsersInDB))
+	for _, user := range ldapUsersInDB {
+		if user.LdapID == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
 		if _, exists := ldapUserIDs[*user.LdapID]; exists {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -458,7 +552,9 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 			}
 
 			slog.Info("Disabled user", slog.String("username", user.Username))
-		} else {
+			continue
+		}
+
 		err = s.userService.deleteUserInternal(ctx, tx, user.ID, true)
 		if err != nil {
 			target := &common.LdapUserUpdateError{}
@@ -469,18 +565,60 @@ func (s *LdapService) SyncUsers(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, client *ldap.C
 		}
 
 		slog.Info("Deleted user", slog.String("username", user.Username))
-
-			// Storage operations must be executed outside of a transaction
 		deleteFiles = append(deleteFiles, path.Join("profile-pictures", user.ID+".png"))
 	}
-	}
 
 	return savePictures, deleteFiles, nil
 }
 
+func (s *LdapService) loadLDAPUsersInDB(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB) (users []model.User, byLdapID map[string]model.User, byUsername map[string]model.User, err error) {
+	// Load all LDAP-managed users and index them by LDAP ID and by username
+	err = tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Select("id, username, ldap_id, disabled").
+		Where("ldap_id IS NOT NULL").
+		Find(&users).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	byLdapID = make(map[string]model.User, len(users))
+	byUsername = make(map[string]model.User, len(users))
+	for _, user := range users {
+		byLdapID[*user.LdapID] = user
+		byUsername[user.Username] = user
+	}
+
+	return users, byLdapID, byUsername, nil
+}
+
+func (s *LdapService) loadLDAPGroupsInDB(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB) ([]model.UserGroup, map[string]model.UserGroup, error) {
+	var groups []model.UserGroup
+
+	// Load all LDAP-managed groups and index them by LDAP ID
+	err := tx.
+		WithContext(ctx).
+		Select("id, name, ldap_id").
+		Where("ldap_id IS NOT NULL").
+		Find(&groups).
+		Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	groupsByID := make(map[string]model.UserGroup, len(groups))
+	for _, group := range groups {
+		groupsByID[*group.LdapID] = group
+	}
+
+	return groups, groupsByID, nil
+}
+
 func (s *LdapService) saveProfilePicture(parentCtx context.Context, userId string, pictureString string) error {
 	var reader io.ReadSeeker
 
+	// Accept either a URL, a base64-encoded payload, or raw binary data
 	_, err := url.ParseRequestURI(pictureString)
 	if err == nil {
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(parentCtx, 15*time.Second)
@@ -522,6 +660,31 @@ func (s *LdapService) saveProfilePicture(parentCtx context.Context, userId strin
 	return nil
 }
 
+// normalizeLDAPDN returns a canonical lowercase form of a DN for use as a map key.
+// Different LDAP servers may format the same DN with varying attribute type casing (e.g. "CN=" vs "cn=") or extra whitespace (e.g. "dc=example, dc=com").
+// Without normalization, cache lookups in usernamesByDN would miss when a member attribute value uses a different format than the DN returned in the search entry
+//
+// ldap.ParseDN is used instead of simple lowercasing because it correctly handles multi-valued RDNs (joined with "+") and strips inter-component whitespace.
+// If parsing fails for any reason, we fall back to a simple lowercase+trim.
+func normalizeLDAPDN(dn string) string {
+	parsed, err := ldap.ParseDN(dn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(dn))
+	}
+
+	// Reconstruct the DN in a canonical form: lowercase type=lowercase value, with RDN components separated by "," and multi-value attributes by "+"
+	parts := make([]string, 0, len(parsed.RDNs))
+	for _, rdn := range parsed.RDNs {
+		attrs := make([]string, 0, len(rdn.Attributes))
+		for _, attr := range rdn.Attributes {
+			attrs = append(attrs, strings.ToLower(attr.Type)+"="+strings.ToLower(attr.Value))
+		}
+		parts = append(parts, strings.Join(attrs, "+"))
+	}
+
+	return strings.Join(parts, ",")
+}
+
 // getDNProperty returns the value of a property from a LDAP identifier
 // See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/desktop/ldap/distinguished-names
 func getDNProperty(property string, str string) string {

backend/internal/service/ldap_service_test.go

@@ -1,9 +1,286 @@
 package service
 
 import (
+	"net/http"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/model"
+	"github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/storage"
+	testutils "github.com/pocket-id/pocket-id/backend/internal/utils/testing"
 )
 
+type fakeLDAPClient struct {
+	searchFn func(searchRequest *ldap.SearchRequest) (*ldap.SearchResult, error)
+}
+
+func (c *fakeLDAPClient) Search(searchRequest *ldap.SearchRequest) (*ldap.SearchResult, error) {
+	if c.searchFn == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	return c.searchFn(searchRequest)
+}
+
+func (c *fakeLDAPClient) Bind(_, _ string) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *fakeLDAPClient) Close() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestLdapServiceSyncAllReconcilesUsersAndGroups(t *testing.T) {
+	service, db := newTestLdapService(t, newFakeLDAPClient(
+		ldapSearchResult(
+			ldapEntry("uid=alice,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com", map[string][]string{
+				"entryUUID":   {"u-alice"},
+				"uid":         {"alice"},
+				"mail":        {"alice@example.com"},
+				"givenName":   {"Alice"},
+				"sn":          {"Jones"},
+				"displayName": {""},
+				"memberOf":    {"cn=admins,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com"},
+			}),
+			ldapEntry("uid=bob,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com", map[string][]string{
+				"entryUUID":   {"u-bob"},
+				"uid":         {"bob"},
+				"mail":        {"bob@example.com"},
+				"givenName":   {"Bob"},
+				"sn":          {"Brown"},
+				"displayName": {""},
+			}),
+		),
+		ldapSearchResult(
+			ldapEntry("cn=team,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com", map[string][]string{
+				"entryUUID": {"g-team"},
+				"cn":        {"team"},
+				"member": {
+					"UID=Alice, OU=People, DC=example, DC=com",
+					"uid=bob, ou=people, dc=example, dc=com",
+				},
+			}),
+		),
+	))
+
+	aliceLdapID := "u-alice"
+	missingLdapID := "u-missing"
+	teamLdapID := "g-team"
+	oldGroupLdapID := "g-old"
+
+	require.NoError(t, db.Create(&model.User{
+		Username:      "alice-old",
+		Email:         new("alice-old@example.com"),
+		EmailVerified: true,
+		FirstName:     "Old",
+		LastName:      "Name",
+		DisplayName:   "Old Name",
+		LdapID:        &aliceLdapID,
+		Disabled:      true,
+	}).Error)
+
+	require.NoError(t, db.Create(&model.User{
+		Username:      "missing",
+		Email:         new("missing@example.com"),
+		EmailVerified: true,
+		FirstName:     "Missing",
+		LastName:      "User",
+		DisplayName:   "Missing User",
+		LdapID:        &missingLdapID,
+	}).Error)
+
+	require.NoError(t, db.Create(&model.UserGroup{
+		Name:         "team-old",
+		FriendlyName: "team-old",
+		LdapID:       &teamLdapID,
+	}).Error)
+
+	require.NoError(t, db.Create(&model.UserGroup{
+		Name:         "old-group",
+		FriendlyName: "old-group",
+		LdapID:       &oldGroupLdapID,
+	}).Error)
+
+	require.NoError(t, service.SyncAll(t.Context()))
+
+	var alice model.User
+	require.NoError(t, db.First(&alice, "ldap_id = ?", aliceLdapID).Error)
+	assert.Equal(t, "alice", alice.Username)
+	assert.Equal(t, new("alice@example.com"), alice.Email)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Alice", alice.FirstName)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Jones", alice.LastName)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Alice Jones", alice.DisplayName)
+	assert.True(t, alice.IsAdmin)
+	assert.False(t, alice.Disabled)
+
+	var bob model.User
+	require.NoError(t, db.First(&bob, "ldap_id = ?", "u-bob").Error)
+	assert.Equal(t, "bob", bob.Username)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Bob Brown", bob.DisplayName)
+
+	var missing model.User
+	require.NoError(t, db.First(&missing, "ldap_id = ?", missingLdapID).Error)
+	assert.True(t, missing.Disabled)
+
+	var oldGroupCount int64
+	require.NoError(t, db.Model(&model.UserGroup{}).Where("ldap_id = ?", oldGroupLdapID).Count(&oldGroupCount).Error)
+	assert.Zero(t, oldGroupCount)
+
+	var team model.UserGroup
+	require.NoError(t, db.Preload("Users").First(&team, "ldap_id = ?", teamLdapID).Error)
+	assert.Equal(t, "team", team.Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, "team", team.FriendlyName)
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{"alice", "bob"}, usernames(team.Users))
+}
+
+func TestLdapServiceSyncAllHandlesDuplicateLDAPIDsInSingleRun(t *testing.T) {
+	service, db := newTestLdapService(t, newFakeLDAPClient(
+		ldapSearchResult(
+			ldapEntry("uid=alice,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com", map[string][]string{
+				"entryUUID":   {"u-dup"},
+				"uid":         {"alice"},
+				"mail":        {"alice@example.com"},
+				"givenName":   {"Alice"},
+				"sn":          {"Doe"},
+				"displayName": {"Alice Doe"},
+			}),
+			ldapEntry("uid=alice,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com", map[string][]string{
+				"entryUUID":   {"u-dup"},
+				"uid":         {"alice"},
+				"mail":        {"alice@example.com"},
+				"givenName":   {"Alicia"},
+				"sn":          {"Doe"},
+				"displayName": {"Alicia Doe"},
+			}),
+		),
+		ldapSearchResult(
+			ldapEntry("cn=team,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com", map[string][]string{
+				"entryUUID": {"g-dup"},
+				"cn":        {"team"},
+				"member":    {"uid=alice,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com"},
+			}),
+			ldapEntry("cn=team,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com", map[string][]string{
+				"entryUUID": {"g-dup"},
+				"cn":        {"team-renamed"},
+				"member":    {"uid=alice,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com"},
+			}),
+		),
+	))
+
+	require.NoError(t, service.SyncAll(t.Context()))
+
+	var users []model.User
+	require.NoError(t, db.Find(&users, "ldap_id = ?", "u-dup").Error)
+	require.Len(t, users, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "alice", users[0].Username)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Alicia", users[0].FirstName)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Alicia Doe", users[0].DisplayName)
+
+	var groups []model.UserGroup
+	require.NoError(t, db.Preload("Users").Find(&groups, "ldap_id = ?", "g-dup").Error)
+	require.Len(t, groups, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "team-renamed", groups[0].Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, "team-renamed", groups[0].FriendlyName)
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{"alice"}, usernames(groups[0].Users))
+}
+
+func newTestLdapService(t *testing.T, client ldapClient) (*LdapService, *gorm.DB) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	db := testutils.NewDatabaseForTest(t)
+
+	fileStorage, err := storage.NewDatabaseStorage(db)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	appConfig := NewTestAppConfigService(&model.AppConfig{
+		RequireUserEmail:                   model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "false"},
+		LdapEnabled:                        model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "true"},
+		LdapBase:                           model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "dc=example,dc=com"},
+		LdapUserSearchFilter:               model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "(objectClass=person)"},
+		LdapUserGroupSearchFilter:          model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "(objectClass=groupOfNames)"},
+		LdapAttributeUserUniqueIdentifier:  model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "entryUUID"},
+		LdapAttributeUserUsername:          model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "uid"},
+		LdapAttributeUserEmail:             model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "mail"},
+		LdapAttributeUserFirstName:         model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "givenName"},
+		LdapAttributeUserLastName:          model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "sn"},
+		LdapAttributeUserDisplayName:       model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "displayName"},
+		LdapAttributeUserProfilePicture:    model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "jpegPhoto"},
+		LdapAttributeGroupMember:           model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "member"},
+		LdapAttributeGroupUniqueIdentifier: model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "entryUUID"},
+		LdapAttributeGroupName:             model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "cn"},
+		LdapAdminGroupName:                 model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "admins"},
+		LdapSoftDeleteUsers:                model.AppConfigVariable{Value: "true"},
+	})
+
+	groupService := NewUserGroupService(db, appConfig, nil)
+	userService := NewUserService(
+		db,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		appConfig,
+		NewCustomClaimService(db),
+		NewAppImagesService(map[string]string{}, fileStorage),
+		nil,
+		fileStorage,
+	)
+
+	service := NewLdapService(db, &http.Client{}, appConfig, userService, groupService, fileStorage)
+	service.clientFactory = func() (ldapClient, error) {
+		return client, nil
+	}
+
+	return service, db
+}
+
+func newFakeLDAPClient(userResult, groupResult *ldap.SearchResult) ldapClient {
+	return &fakeLDAPClient{
+		searchFn: func(searchRequest *ldap.SearchRequest) (*ldap.SearchResult, error) {
+			switch searchRequest.Filter {
+			case "(objectClass=person)":
+				return userResult, nil
+			case "(objectClass=groupOfNames)":
+				return groupResult, nil
+			default:
+				return &ldap.SearchResult{}, nil
+			}
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func ldapSearchResult(entries ...*ldap.Entry) *ldap.SearchResult {
+	return &ldap.SearchResult{Entries: entries}
+}
+
+func ldapEntry(dn string, attrs map[string][]string) *ldap.Entry {
+	entry := &ldap.Entry{
+		DN:         dn,
+		Attributes: make([]*ldap.EntryAttribute, 0, len(attrs)),
+	}
+
+	for name, values := range attrs {
+		entry.Attributes = append(entry.Attributes, &ldap.EntryAttribute{
+			Name:   name,
+			Values: values,
+		})
+	}
+
+	return entry
+}
+
+func usernames(users []model.User) []string {
+	result := make([]string, 0, len(users))
+	for _, user := range users {
+		result = append(result, user.Username)
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
 func TestGetDNProperty(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name           string
@@ -64,10 +341,58 @@ func TestGetDNProperty(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			result := getDNProperty(tt.property, tt.dn)
-			if result != tt.expectedResult {
+			assert.Equalf(t, tt.expectedResult, result, "getDNProperty(%q, %q)", tt.property, tt.dn)
-				t.Errorf("getDNProperty(%q, %q) = %q, want %q",
+		})
-					tt.property, tt.dn, result, tt.expectedResult)
 	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeLDAPDN(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		input    string
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "already normalized",
+			input:    "cn=alice,dc=example,dc=com",
+			expected: "cn=alice,dc=example,dc=com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "uppercase attribute types",
+			input:    "CN=Alice,DC=example,DC=com",
+			expected: "cn=alice,dc=example,dc=com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "spaces after commas",
+			input:    "cn=alice, dc=example, dc=com",
+			expected: "cn=alice,dc=example,dc=com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "uppercase types and spaces",
+			input:    "CN=Alice, DC=example, DC=com",
+			expected: "cn=alice,dc=example,dc=com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "multi-valued RDN",
+			input:    "cn=alice+uid=a123,dc=example,dc=com",
+			expected: "cn=alice+uid=a123,dc=example,dc=com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "invalid DN falls back to lowercase+trim",
+			input:    "  NOT A VALID DN  ",
+			expected: "not a valid dn",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "empty string",
+			input:    "",
+			expected: "",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := normalizeLDAPDN(tt.input)
+			assert.Equalf(t, tt.expected, result, "normalizeLDAPDN(%q)", tt.input)
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -98,9 +423,7 @@ func TestConvertLdapIdToString(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			got := convertLdapIdToString(tt.input)
-			if got != tt.expected {
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, got)
-				t.Errorf("Expected %q, got %q", tt.expected, got)
-			}
 		})
 	}
 }

backend/internal/service/user_group_service.go

@@ -96,7 +96,10 @@ func (s *UserGroupService) Delete(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if s.scimService != nil {
 		s.scimService.ScheduleSync()
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -126,7 +129,10 @@ func (s *UserGroupService) createInternal(ctx context.Context, input dto.UserGro
 		return model.UserGroup{}, err
 	}
 
+	if s.scimService != nil {
 		s.scimService.ScheduleSync()
+	}
+
 	return group, nil
 }
 
@@ -175,7 +181,10 @@ func (s *UserGroupService) updateInternal(ctx context.Context, id string, input
 		return model.UserGroup{}, err
 	}
 
+	if s.scimService != nil {
 		s.scimService.ScheduleSync()
+	}
+
 	return group, nil
 }
 
@@ -238,7 +247,10 @@ func (s *UserGroupService) updateUsersInternal(ctx context.Context, id string, u
 		return model.UserGroup{}, err
 	}
 
+	if s.scimService != nil {
 		s.scimService.ScheduleSync()
+	}
+
 	return group, nil
 }
 
@@ -315,6 +327,9 @@ func (s *UserGroupService) UpdateAllowedOidcClient(ctx context.Context, id strin
 		return model.UserGroup{}, err
 	}
 
+	if s.scimService != nil {
 		s.scimService.ScheduleSync()
+	}
+
 	return group, nil
 }

backend/internal/service/user_service.go

@@ -225,7 +225,10 @@ func (s *UserService) deleteUserInternal(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, userI
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete user: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	if s.scimService != nil {
 		s.scimService.ScheduleSync()
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -310,7 +313,10 @@ func (s *UserService) createUserInternal(ctx context.Context, input dto.UserCrea
 		}
 	}
 
+	if s.scimService != nil {
 		s.scimService.ScheduleSync()
+	}
+
 	return user, nil
 }
 
@@ -456,7 +462,10 @@ func (s *UserService) updateUserInternal(ctx context.Context, userID string, upd
 		return user, err
 	}
 
+	if s.scimService != nil {
 		s.scimService.ScheduleSync()
+	}
+
 	return user, nil
 }
 
@@ -515,7 +524,10 @@ func (s *UserService) UpdateUserGroups(ctx context.Context, id string, userGroup
 		return model.User{}, err
 	}
 
+	if s.scimService != nil {
 		s.scimService.ScheduleSync()
+	}
+
 	return user, nil
 }
 
@@ -576,7 +588,10 @@ func (s *UserService) disableUserInternal(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB, user
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if s.scimService != nil {
 		s.scimService.ScheduleSync()
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }